E Commerce, Ebay, And Alibaba - 2029 Words

E-commerce Introduction Before the dawn of the Internet, people had to physically leave their homes to buy things. Well, that s certainly not the case anymore. E-Commerce has revolutionized the way that business is done to make it more efficient and widespread than ever before. It can reach customers anywhere and anytime in the world, and provides a fast and easy way for customers to buy products or services without having to visit an actual store. It is win-win to both business owners and customers. Also, e-commerce provides a fair chance to everyone, so everyone can be any part of the transaction process. There are many successful e-commerce online stores that are providing convenient experiences for the public. All of them have different features and their own unique feature that makes them stand out of the e-commerce stores. I am planning to sell my Kindle online, so I chose 3 ecommerce stores that I visited frequently before. There are Amazon, eBay and Alibaba. In the following pages, I wi ll explain the characters of each of them, why their website successful, and compare their advantages and disadvantages respectively. Nowadays, online shopping has become one of the most convenient and popular ways to sell and buy products. Especially for Millenniums, online shopping is the most efficient and fast way to consume. Also, some of them are not only customers, but also become one of the sellers because of the e-commerce platform. Under the e-commerceShow MoreRelatedAlibaba: Competing in China and Beyond1395 Words   |  6 PagesAlibaba: Competing in China and Beyond Individual Report Intercultural Management Professor: Dr. Jacobo Ramirez Aalto University School of Economics Bachelor ´s Degree Program in International Business Mikkeli Campus September 3, 2012 Matti Uusivirta Introduction In this report I will examine the case â€Å"Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond.† Alibaba under the leadership of Jack Ma, its founder has transformed into one of the most successful e-commerce companies in China. In the 2000s AlibabaRead MoreAlibaba: Competing in China and Beyond1395 Words   |  6 PagesAlibaba: Competing in China and Beyond Individual Report Intercultural Management Professor: Dr. Jacobo Ramirez Aalto University School of Economics Bachelor ´s Degree Program in International Business Mikkeli Campus September 3, 2012 Matti Uusivirta Introduction In this report I will examine the case â€Å"Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond.† Alibaba under the leadership of Jack Ma, its founder has transformed into one of the most successful e-commerce companies in China. InRead MoreChina E Commerce Market Analysis1564 Words   |  7 PagesAlibaba Case 1. Critically analyze the factors that led to Alibaba sustaining its leadership position in the Chinese e-commerce market. 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It offers a platform for both domestic and international traders to conduct business. It aims to create a convenient trading platform for small and medium sized enterprises all around the world. Alibaba was the first company entered into the Chinese e-commerce industry, so it brought an Internet revolution to China. During these years, its wonderful ability of expanding make

The Aspects of Academic Integrity Within the Classroom A...

It is a privilege to participate in higher learning. Doing so, of course, is more than simply partaking in a mere employment agency, in which students develop the necessary skills and tools to succeed as a professional in some career or another. Partaking in higher education allows students to enhance their learning and their lives by discovering a set of principles, mores and values that will aid them as much as any textbook. Subsequently, it is of the utmost importance that students demonstrate a sense of academic integrity and responsibility towards their behavior in the three principle elements of higher education: the classroom, the colleges surroundings and facilities, and clinical settings. There are several facets of demonstrating aspects of academic integrity within the classroom. Students have a responsibility to be prepared for lecture material and to contribute to discussions that help to foster and continually improve an environment for learning. Additionally, students m ust emulate integrity by faithfully completing their own assignments. Any particular form of plagiarizing, or having another individual complete ones assignments, drastically violates the very purpose of any institute of higher learning (Bowden 82), which is to provide a comparative atmosphere of the knowledge and experience of the students engaged in a particular class with one another. Failing to adhere to basic standards of integrity by utilizing anothers work as ones own greatly reducesShow MoreRelatedBehavioural Difficulties : Behavioral Difficulties1645 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals who demonstrate undesirable behaviours (Langley, 2009). Aggression, violence, incompletion of tasks and activities, constant chatter, and disruption of others are common examples of challenging or problematic behaviours (Langley, 2009) within educational settings, leading teachers to label a child with ‘behavioural difficulties’. After research I have found that ‘challengingà ¢â‚¬â„¢ behaviour is the action that accompanies the label ‘behavioural difficulties’. The words ‘challenging,’ and ‘difficultRead MoreSupervision Of Teachers And Action Plan1589 Words   |  7 Pagessolid example of building bridges, between the existing staff and a new principal, along with empowering the staff to take ownership of decisions. Ms. Jones having 20% more behavior referrals than her colleagues, and the borderline chaos in her classroom emphasizes the need for more frequent walkthroughs and supervising teachers more closely. Additionally, the challenges presented by Ms. Jones perception of her situation brings developmental supervision into the forefront of the scenario. EvaluationRead MoreStudent Perceptions Of Cheating At Online1685 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Perceptions of Cheating in Online CoursesYour Name:Class Name:University Name:Instructor Name:Student Perceptions of Cheating in Online CoursesAcademic integrity has long been a core concern of faculty as well as administrators operating in campuses. Recent statistics done on the extent of cheating that occurs in college campuses shows that the large majority of students have engaged in this vice to some extent. The core difference in today’s environment is the wide proliferation of technologicalRead MoreEthics in Educational Research1608 Words   |  7 PagesMoses, 2002). Many education associations have their own codes of ethics to guide members’ research activity. As a professional educators’ association, the AERA documents the initiative involved in educating researchers to produce research of high integrity and quality with respect to human research protections. Ethical principles are vital for educational researchers because important ethical issues frequently arise in their work. This set of principles is intended to heighten awareness of the ethicalRead MoreThe Study and Practice of Nursing1101 Words   |  4 Pageswith a solid global reputation of necessity and respect. More and more people are interested in becoming nurses and more attention is being paid to the roles of nurses in the overall health care experience. The IOM report was released in 2011 as a reflection of the progress, philosophical perspective, and standards by which nursing and nurses should uphold. The paper pays particular attention to the sections regarding the IOMs stipulations for transforming the practice of, the education in, and theRead MoreMy Perspective On Supervision And Evaluation Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages There are several assumptions or biases that influence my perspective on supervision and evaluation. I believe that problem-solving and critical thinking should be the most emphasized aspect in education. Teachers must prepare students to be leaders, innovators, and original thinkers in order for them to be successful in the world. I also believe that social and emotional curriculum should have a more prominent place in our education system. Students should have strategies for dealing with theseRead MoreWhat Is The Impact Of Profit Management Education?1180 Words   |  5 Pagespractice. For example, they need to immerse in authentic learning experiences where there are opportunities for reflection, self-directed discovery, and peer learning. Challenges Although there is a strong institutional commitment indicating the impact of nonprofit management education to the nonprofit sector and our world, a few challenges still need to be overcome to ensure programmatic integrity and success as well as generate authentic learning experiences for students. First, it is essential to engageRead MoreObservation Of My Field Work Experience At Prince Avenue Baptist Church1705 Words   |  7 Pageseducation, motivation, and development (cognitive, social, and moral). I observed these concepts being utilized and portrayed and will discuss the details of each. I will conclude with how I plan to use these certain theories and concepts in my future classroom. Field Experience Site: Prince Avenue Baptist Church During my field-work experience, I learned many important things. I shadowed Prince Avenue Baptist Church and their MOP s (Mother s of Preschoolers) program. The program contains mostly middleRead MoreEducation Reform Movements During The Progressive Era2248 Words   |  9 Pagesthrough common core. The biggest affect the common core has had on social studies is through the literacy standards, and the implementation of authentic intellectual work could increase the rigor, as well as student engagement in the social studies classroom. We also studied the National Assessment of Educational Progress which is a national report of student progress over time. Researchers argue that students who engage in authentic intellectual work show an increase in their standardized test scoresRead More Effective Teachers Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pagesimportance on the teacher instead to act as a facilitator of learning in an open, constructivist environment and providing students with the tools to challenge themselves to develop both academically and personally.   The education of students within classrooms of today is important for the future as the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are instilled by the teachers will determine  the child’s  future development, and an effective teacher utilises their  skills to  have a positive impact and  to  cement

Should There Be a Ban on Cell Phones While Driving Free Essays

Should there be a ban on cell phones while driving? Over the past decade, the technology of cell phones has progressed tremendously. With this technology, people can now make phone calls, text, check their e-mail, and surf the net. More than ever people are using their cell phones while driving; this has caused an increase in the amount of deaths caused by distracted drivers to increase tremendously. We will write a custom essay sample on Should There Be a Ban on Cell Phones While Driving? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many states have placed a ban on the use of cell phones while driving; some states will allow people to talk on phone if they are using a hands-free device. Many states have placed bans the use of cellphones for bus drivers and teens. Florida, however, does not have any bans on the use of cell phones while driving. The National Safety Board is trying to place a ban on all cell phones while driving in every state. Many people say that they do not want a ban on cell phones. People believe, that it’s not just a cell phone that causes distractions that cause accidents it’s also eating, putting on makeup, etc. ; therefore if there is a ban placed on cell phones while driving, so should the other things that cause distractions.. New data from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that, â€Å"The updated assessment estimates that at least 23 percent of all traffic crashes – or at least 1. 3 million crashes – involve cell phone use per year†. There are many deaths every day, caused from distracted drivers using their cell phones while driving; a ban on cell phones would be a good starting point to help put an end to the unnecessary deaths, caused by cell phone distracted drivers. How to cite Should There Be a Ban on Cell Phones While Driving?, Essay examples

Importance of Operations for Sustainability - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Operations for Sustainability. Answer: Introduction Operations are concerned with creation of services or goods in workplace for its ultimate success. The importance of operation management is infinite starting from manufacturing to retail for performing the services (Russell and Taylor, 2011). The activity involves creating products for delivering it to customer starting from procurement-conversion and distribution. In simple terms operations management is delivering value by establishing it through transforming the input into output. The term operation management got recognition in public from the Japanese manufacturers by realizing it soon that importance is not limited but, wide inclusive of marketing and finance. The process involves integrating the resources for getting the right product at right place within stipulated time and cost (Russell and Taylor, 2011). The assignment consists of three topics of operations management- supply chain management sustainability, incorporation of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) on management accountants and strategies implied for manufacturing competitiveness a case of Sweden and Australia. Three Topics Sustainability and Supply Chain Management According to Lambert, (2008) the term supply chain management was first introduced in the year 1982 that captured attention of academics and industry. The definition of supply chain management is use of integrated approaches and technique by stores, warehouses, manufacturers and suppliers for distributing the merchandise in right quantity and location for satisfying customer service requirement at levels. As opined by Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky and Simchi-Levi, (2008) the design of supply chain consist of strategic partnering, inventory management and distribution and logistics strategies. It acts as a conflicting tradeoffs and objectives for providing maximum value to customers by reducing the cost of supply chain (Varsei and Polyakovskiy, 2016). This is possible with the help of sustainability required for meeting future needs without any compromise in the coming future generations for meeting individual needs. As discussed by Hassini, Surti and Searcy, (2012) supply chain management in sustainable terms can be defined as managing of information, resources, funds and operations by maximizing profitability and additionally the damage on social well-being and environmental should be minimized. The concerns related to environment such as global warming including social issues like human safety and rights as companys works on greater objectives rather than just focusing on achieving economic goals. With the introduction of environmental legislation, frameworks and standards the companies are forced to achieve sustainability by balancing it in three dimensions. As said by Pullman, Maloni and Carter, (2009) the first dimension is economic that addresses economic stability for long-term and financial performance as an indicator of service level or cost of supply chain. The researchers found out that linkage between maintaining environmental or social initiatives and three dimensions provides economic advantage like minimising cost of recycling, redesigning it for use and remanufacturing along with packaging of waste (Beske and Seuring, 2014). The study undertaken for more than 20 years states that link between accounting operational and supply chain in environment with performance in market research base depicts significant and positive impact. As per Srivastava, (2007) the second dimension is environment in supply chain process in regards to transportation, operations, product design and selection of supplier for managing it end of life for used products. The two elements required in environmental dimension are green design and operations where, green operations involve waste management and reverse logistics. As stated by Varsei, (2016) the third dimension is social related to code of conduct, reporting frameworks and corporate social responsibility (CSR) for running the business. The dimension set by Global Reporting Initiative is human rights, product responsibility, labour practices and working conditions. The implementation of social dimension is adhering to two challenges- how companies and executives commit to sustainability (Andersen and Skjoett-Larsen, 2009). The second option is working on making decisions for business and models for the issues underlying on managing and designing supply chain sustainability. Impact of ERP on Management Accountants As said by McGaughey and Gunasekaran, (2007) enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a database that performs multiple functions in business units. It helps in automation and synchronizing of reports consisting of spreadsheets and databases for merging the reports and providing reports. The system helps in providing reports for each department in workplace by driving results in quick and accurate manner than traditional method like books. The implementation of ERP helps in replacing financial reporting by integrating operation of all workplace. As opined by Chen et al., (2012) the importance of ERP is having different views for managing and comparing risk management to highlight the potential impact of ERP projects for its success. The research conducted on management accounting for implementing ERP systems provides insight on the fact that business consultant is evolving. It was viewed that ERP fundamentals has no impact on information gathered from management accounting. As discussed by Kihn and Lepisto, (2011) the change in the system of working than traditional accounting system considers operating managers for accessing the information. It is accessed by the individual by using ERP system irrespective of waiting for accounting report. According to Sangster, Leech and Grabski, (2009) the implementation process of ERP is a success in itself only when organization changes its focus by being process orientated rather than adopting functional orientation. It brings change in the accounting structure of management for working on the functional areas. The study conducted by Velcu, (2010) concluded that strategic enterprise management (SEM) system impacts in positive order upon practices established by management and transactional accounting. When a project of ERP is less successful the activity works on existing tasks by saving time through absorption by spending less time on other tasks. ERP system is improving and powerful for conducting transaction in company that includes varied transactions happening daily. As per Chapman and Kihn, (2009) the record needs to be maintained for working in more coordinated manner by removing the unnecessary costs and avoiding data duplication. The organization must be able to implement ERP system successful for storing information centrally by integrating the revenue, cost and profit for adopting positive opportunity. The study conducted by Kim, Nicolaou and Vasarhelyi, (2013) an organization states that implementing ERP impacts on audit report lag as it is associated with significant approaches for 3 years after implementing it initially. Strategies Implied for Sustaining Competitiveness in Manufacturing: A Comparative Case of Sweden and Australia The worldwide market is facing downturn so being competitive is important for survival as it depends on the capability of manufacturing firms for working toward changes with regards to competitors, technology, government regulations and customer preferences. As discussed by Machuca et al., (2011) manufacturing strategies helps in building resources creating product advantages and sustaining cost for maintaining market position. The manufacturing strategies undertaken provide sequential decisions for achieving the desired specific capabilities, infrastructure and structure. It helps in providing competitive advantage by designing the manufacturing systems that leads to strategic advantage. As per Bhattacharya, Momaya and Iyer, (2009) implementation and development manufacturing strategy helps in generating solution by defining the problem and generating solution. The external and internal contexts of operation strategy consist of two elements- push and pull. In this case new emerging trends can also work for satisfying customer requirements like focusing on environmental issues with respect to manufacturing strategy. The use of manufacturing strategy is criticised as the empirical investigation affects both external and internal factors. The study conducted by Soosay et al., (2016) in New Zealand in manufacturing firms found out that most was based on price configuration. The organization successful in the sample is intangible in nature with respect to performance objectives like flexibility and agility in firms of Australia (Fayezi, Zutshi and O'Loughlin, 2015). It is said that manufacturers need to examine the manufacturing policies for promoting consistent management and coordination for conducting production process defined as value chain. The large sample conducted on New Zealand and Australia focus more on softer aspects of human for achieving the better performance. This learning from organizational perspective works on implementing manufacturing technology that works towards development of competences. As said by Shelar, (2016) the recent trend affecting manufacturing strategy is consequent dispersal and globalisation a natural increase in terms of defining complexity and difficulties. The choice of location has gained great importance because of reshoring, off shoring and globalisation along with environmental sustainability for undertaking the strategy. According to Tabor, (2014) manufacturing organization aim towards remanufacturing, reusing and reducing (waste, energy and resources) a challenge promoted for managing life cycle of product. The firms are adopting product-service system by adopting manufacturing strategy at this level as the debate driving servitization seems to be growing. When viewing the firm from competitive perspective the affordable technologies need to be implemented an important element in servitize manufacturing. As per Soosay et al., (2016) the global companies like Rolls-Royce, MAN Trucks, Caterpillar and Xerox adapted servitization strategy to position themselves in world market. Conclusion The above discussion works on three aspects of operation management-sustainability, manufacturing strategies and implementation of ERP for management accountants. It deals with an important element supply chain management by managing the sustainability. It includes transportation, extraction, recycling and production of materials working on three aspects- social, environmental and economic dimension. This dimension helps in working for the betterment of future for gathering sustainability across organization. The servitization strategy is implemented by the workplace for working in worldwide market by conducting trade-offs. The implementation of ERP is important for managing and sharing the database in right manner. References Andersen, M. and Skjoett?Larsen, T. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in global supply chains.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 14(2), pp.75-86. Beske, P. and Seuring, S. (2014). Putting sustainability into supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp.322-331. Bhattacharya, S., Momaya, K. and Iyer, K. (2009). Enablers of Sustaining Competitiveness.Global Business Review, 10(1), pp.45-66. Brennan, L. (2011).Operations management. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapman, C. and Kihn, L. (2009). Information system integration, enabling control and performance.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(2), pp.151-169. Chen, H., Yan Huang, S., Chiu, A. and Pai, F. (2012). The ERP system impact on the role of accountants.Industrial Management Data Systems, 112(1), pp.83-101. Fayezi, S., Zutshi, A. and O'Loughlin, A. (2015). How Australian manufacturing firms perceive and understand the concepts of agility and flexibility in the supply chain.International Journal of Operations Production Management, 35(2), pp.246-281. Hassini, E., Surti, C. and Searcy, C. (2012). A literature review and a case study of sustainable supply chains with a focus on metrics.International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), pp.69-82. Kihn, L. and Lepist, L. (2011). Management Accounting in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.European Accounting Review, 20(2), pp.418-422. Kim, J., Nicolaou, A. and Vasarhelyi, M. (2013). The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems on the Audit Report Lag.Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 10(1), pp.63-88. Lambert, D. (2014).Supply chain management. 1st ed. Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida: Supply Chain Management Institute. Machuca, J., Ortega Jimnez, C., Garrido-Vega, P. and de los Ros, J. (2011). Do technology and manufacturing strategy links enhance operational performance? Empirical research in the auto supplier sector.International Journal of Production Economics, 133(2), pp.541-550. McGaughey, R. and Gunasekaran, A. (2007). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, 3(3), pp.23-35. PULLMAN, M., MALONI, M. and CARTER, C. (2009). FOOD FOR THOUGHT: SOCIAL VERSUS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES.Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(4), pp.38-54. Russell, R. and Taylor, B. (2011).Operations management. 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Sangster, A., Leech, S.A. and Grabski, S., (2009). ERP implementations and their impact upon management accountants.JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management,6(2), pp.125-142. Shelar, P. (2016). Operation Management Strategies Implemented in Manufacturing Companies: Review of Literature.We'Ken- International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1(3). Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P. and Simchi-Levi, E. (2015).Designing and managing the supply chain. 1st ed. Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Soosay, C., Nunes, B., Bennett, D., Sohal, A., Jabar, J. and Winroth, M. (2016). Strategies for sustaining manufacturing competitiveness.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27(1), pp.6-37. Srivastava, S. (2007). Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review.International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), pp.53-80. Tabor, J. (2014). Implementation of the Sustainable Development Concept in Manufacturing Companies.Management of Sustainable Development, 6(2). Varsei, M. (2016). Sustainable supply chain management: A brief literature review.The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp.411-419. Varsei, M. and Polyakovskiy, S. (2017). Sustainable supply chain network design: A case of the wine industry in Australia.Omega, 66, pp.236-247. Varsei, M., Christ, K. and Burritt, R. (2015). "Bottling Location and the Global Wine Supply Chain: Dollar, Water and Carbon Trade-offs".Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), pp.12112-12112. Velcu, O., (2010). Strategic alignment of ERP implementation stages: An empirical investigation.Information Management,47(3), pp.158-166.

Internal environment of business Essay Example

Internal environment of business Paper The structure and politics of an organization affects the manner in which the organization responds to environmental change. Furthermore, it can be difficult to change cultural attitudes when the nature of an organizations business environment has changed. Along with the external environment, internal environment Of an organization also keep on changing. The five elements of the internal environment which are physical, technological, social, political, and economic, influence how the manager functions will be performed. The physical element of the internal environment includes such factors as air quality, temperature, noise, dust, addition, and other conditions affecting me people health and safety. Managers revealed a high percentage of dissatisfaction with aspects of the physical environment of the workplace. The technological element of the internal environment relates closely to the physical element. It consists of the layout of the workplace; the process by which the work is performed; and the tools, equipment, and machinery used to perform the work. These factors in turn determine both the way work is processed and the requirements of the jobs performed by managers. The way in which work is organized affects interpersonal relations and in traction among the manager and employees within a work area. It influences the formation of in formal work groups and the degree of cooperation or conflict among manager and employees. The social element reflects the attitudes and behaviors of managers. Because of their influential place in the organizational hierarchy, top managers play an extremely important role in determining the quality of the social element. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal environment of business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internal environment of business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internal environment of business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rules and regulations they devise, the concern they have for employees, the rewards and support they provide, and the tolerance they have for raying opinions are major factors in determining the organizational climate. Politics is an important social process found in all organizations. Organizational politics, of course, has the potential for being helpful or harmful to organizations and individuals. The economic element of a firms internal environment reflects the organize Zions financial condition. The more favorable this condition, the more financial resources the organization will have to support its human resources, including employee compensation and benefits. An organ nations culture is particularly relevant to managers. These constraints are rarely explicit. Its unlikely that theyll even be spoken. But theyre there, and all managers quickly learn what to do and not to do in their organization. The link between values such as these and managerial behavior is fairly straightforward. If an organizations culture supports the belief that profits can be increased by cost cutting and that the companys best interests are served by achieving slow but steady increases in quarterly earnings, managers throughout the organization are unlikely to pursue programs that are innovative, risky, long term, or expansionary. For organizations that value and encourage workforce diversity, the and, thus, managers decisions and actions should be supportive of diversity efforts. In an organization whose culture conveys a basic distrust of employees, managers are more likely to use an authoritarian leadership style than a democratic one. The culture establishes for managers what appropriate behavior is. For instance, at SST. Lakes advertising agency in London, a culture shaped by the value placed on freedom of expression, a lack of coercion and fear, and a determination to make work fun influences the way employees ark and the way that managers plan, organize, lead, and control. The organizations culture is also reinforced by the office environment, which is open, versatile, and creative. An organizations culture, especially a Strong one, constrains a managers decision-making options in all management functions. Managers shape their culture by having an organizational stories typically contain a narrative of significant events or people including such things as the organizations founders, rule breaking, reactions to past mistakes, and so forth. For instance, managers at Nikkei feel that stories told about the companys past help shape the future. Whenever possible, corporate storytellers (senior executives) explain the companys heritage and tell stories that celebrate people getting things done. These stories provide prime examples that people can learn from. To help manager learn the culture, organizational stories anchor the present in the past, provide explanations and legitimacy for current practices, and exemplify what is important to the organization. Corporate rituals are repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organization, what goals are most important, and which people are important and which ones are expendable. One of the best-known corporate rituals is Mary Kay Cosmetics annual meeting for its sales representatives. Looking like a cross between a circus and a Miss America pageant, the awards ceremony takes place in a large auditorium, on a stage in front of a large, cheering audience, with all the participants dressed in glamorous evening clothes. Salespeople are rewarded for their success in achieving sales goals with an array of flashy gifts including gold and diamond pins, furs, and pink Cadillacs. This show acts as a motivator by publicly acknowledging outstanding sales performance. In addition, the ritual aspect reinforces founder Mary Says determination and optimism, which enabled her to overcome personal hardships, found her own company, and achieve material success. It conveys to her salespeople that reaching their sales goals is important and that, through hard work and encouragement, they too can achieve success. Your second author had the experience of being on a flight out of Dallas one year with a planeload of Mary Kay sales representatives headed home from the annual awards meeting. Their contagious enthusiasm and excitement made it obvious that his annual ritual played a significant role in establishing desired levels of motivation and behavioral expectations, which, after all, is what an organizations culture should do. Many organizations and units within organizations use language as a way to identify members of a culture. By learning this language, me beers attest to their acceptance of the culture and their willingness to help to preserve it. For instance, Microsoft, the software company, has its own unique vocabulary: work judo (the art of deflecting a work assignment to someone else without making it appear that youre voiding it; eating your own dog food (a strategy of using your own software programs or products in the early stages as a way of testing them even if the process is disagreeable); flat food (goodies from the vending machine that can be slipped under the door to a colleague whos working feverishly on deadline); facsimile (actually talking to someone face-to-face; considered by Microsoft employees a technologically backward means of communicating); death march (the countdown to shipping a new product); and so on. Over time, organizations often develop unique terms to describe equipment, key response, suppliers, customers, or products that are related to their business. Managers are free intently overwhelmed with acronyms and jargon that, after a short period of time, become a natural part of their language. Once learned, this language acts as a common denominator that unites members of a given culture. When the financial health of a firm is strong, there is a tendency to expand managers activities such as training and development, employee assistance programs, and recreational activities. If the organization is growing, there is the possibility of expansion leading to manager recruitment, selection, and orientation. Conversely, when financial re sources are low, an organization tends to reduce its manager budget and to cut back the managers services it offers to its employees. The way in which work is organized affects interpersonal relations and in traction among employees within a work area. It influences the formation of in formal work groups and the degree of cooperation or conflict among managers. More and more, technological systems are being integrated with the social sys teems of an organization, creating what is referred to as a esthetically system. Job design is based on human as well as technological considerations.

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The Invention of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging or scanning (also called an MRI) is a method of looking inside the body without using surgery, harmful dyes or x-rays. The MRI scanner uses magnetism and radio waves to produce clear pictures of the human anatomy. Foundation MRI is based on a physics phenomenon discovered in the 1930s, called nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR, in which magnetic fields and radio waves cause atoms to give off tiny radio signals. Felix Bloch, working at Stanford University, and Edward Purcell, from Harvard University, discovered NMR. NMR spectroscopy was then used as a means to study the composition of chemical compounds. Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging. Paul Lauterbur, a Professor of Chemistry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook wrote a paper on a new imaging technique which he termed zeugmatography (from the Greek zeugmo meaning yoke or a joining together). Lauterbur imaging experiments moved science from the single dimension of NMR spectroscopy to the second dimension of spatial orientation- the foundation of MRI. Peter Mansfield of Nottingham, England, further developed the utilization of gradients in the magnetic field. He showed how the signals could be mathematically analyzed, which made it possible to develop a useful imaging technique. Peter Mansfield also showed how extremely fast imaging could be achievable. This became technically possible within medicine a decade later. Raymond Damadian- First Patent in the Field of MRI In 1970, Raymond Damadian, a medical doctor and research scientist, discovered the basis for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis. He found that different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals that vary in length, and that cancerous tissue emits response signals that last much longer than non-cancerous tissue. Less than two years later he filed his idea for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis with the U.S. Patent Office, entitled Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue. A patent was granted in 1974, it was the worlds first patent issued in the field of MRI. By 1977, Dr. Damadian completed construction of the first whole-body MRI scanner, which he dubbed the Indomitable. Rapid Development within Medicine The medical use of magnetic resonance imaging has developed rapidly. The first MRI equipment in health was available at the beginning of the 1980s. In 2002, approximately 22 000 MRI cameras were in use worldwide, and more than 60 million MRI examinations were performed. Water constitutes about  two-thirds  of the human body weight, and this high water content explains why magnetic resonance imaging has become widely applicable to medicine. There are differences in water content among tissues and organs. In many  diseases, the pathological process results in changes  of  the water content, and this is reflected in the MR image. Water is a molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The  nuclei of the hydrogen atoms  are able to act as microscopic compass needles. When the body is exposed to a strong magnetic field, the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms are directed into order- stand at attention. When submitted to pulses of radio waves, the energy content of the nuclei changes. After the pulse, a resonance wave is emitted when the nuclei return to their previous state. The small differences in the oscillations of the nuclei are detected with advanced computer processing, it is possible to build up a three-dimensional image that reflects the chemical structure of the tissue, including differences in the water content and in movements of the water molecules. This results in a very detailed image of tissues and organs in the investigated area of the body. In this manner, pathological changes can be documented.

Should the principle of party autonomy be restricted Coursework

Should the principle of party autonomy be restricted - Coursework Example Party autonomy in contracts 1. Historical Development of party autonomy – Theoretical framework 6 III. Party Autonomy: Characteristics and challenges A. How is the principle of party autonomy established in the context of the European and the US law? 1. The European law on party autonomy 8 a. Rome (I) Regulation 9 b. The Hague Choice – of – Court Convention 10 2. The US law on party autonomy 12 a. Forum selection clauses 13 b. The doctrine of forum non-convenient 13 c. Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) 13 B. Under which terms the principle of party autonomy could be restricted? 1. Approaches on the potential restriction of party autonomy 14 2. Restriction of party autonomy as promoted through the existing legislation. 16 a. Rome (I) regulation and restrictions on party autonomy a1. Public Policy 17 a2. Mandatory Rules 17 b. Restrictions on party autonomy in the US law 18 C. Would the competency of the court to apply the law chosen influence the principle of party aut onomy? 19 IV. Conclusion 20 I. ... or this reason, the specific concept has been promoted in jurisdictions worldwide, even if in come cases conflicts are developed in regard to the restrictions of party autonomy because of local statutory rules or public policy. In other words, the provision of party autonomy in the context of civil and commercial agreements serves the need for ensuring the interests and the rights of individuals, as related to these agreements, without the general rules of law to be violated. The scope of party autonomy is to promote the right of the parties to decide on the law applicable on their dispute. Rome 1 Regulation recognizes the party autonomy as being the key criterion for the choice of law in regard to contracts related to two or more jurisdictions. In any case, problems seem to exist regarding the power of party autonomy, as promoted through various legislative texts worldwide. In fact, under certain terms, restrictions to party autonomy seem to be unavoidable. In this context a critica l problem has appeared: should the restrictions on party autonomy be allowed? This issue is examined in this paper. Emphasis is given on the following issue: should the principle of party autonomy be restricted so that the law chosen by the parties to be applied only if the court considers itself as competent? The identification of the most appropriate solution to the above problem requires the careful examination of the legislative environment in which party autonomy is developed, meaning both in Europe and USA. Reference is made particularly to the 1980 Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, as it has been incorporated in Rome 1 Regulation. At the same it is necessary to refer to certain important concepts related to contractual agreements, such as jurisdiction